The July 2025 decision by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Epic Games v. Google marks a landmark development in the ongoing evolution of antitrust remedies for unilateral conduct in the technology sector. The court’s willingness to affirm not just prohibitory, but also mandatory, forward-looking injunctions—requiring Google to take affirmative steps to open its Android app ecosystem to competition—signals a vigorous approach to restoring competition in digital platforms.

With renewed enforcement of the Robinson-Patman Act against illegal price discrimination looming, direct-selling companies should reassess their pricing models. The FTC has made clear that tiered wholesale pricing, which gives higher-ranked distributors more favorable terms than their lower-ranked counterparts, can create significant legal risks under antitrust laws.