As Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine continues, the European Union (EU) has maintained its commitment to increasing economic and legal pressure on Russia. In 2025, the EU adopted its 16th, 17th, 18th, and now 19th sanctions packages, each introducing new measures and expanding existing restrictions. 

With advancements in artificial intelligence, the use of algorithmic software has increased across a variety of industries. So too has scrutiny by antitrust agencies, private plaintiffs, and state and local governments across the country.

On September 27, 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions and other restrictions based on Iran’s continuing “significant non-performance” of its nuclear commitments. Today, September 29, following the UN resolution, the European Union formally reimposed a broad range of sanctions on Iran, citing the same “significant non-performance” of its nuclear commitments under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). These actions follow the invocation of the JCPOA’s snapback mechanism by the E3 (France, Germany, and the United Kingdom) on August 28, 2025, and mark a major shift in the international legal and commercial landscape for entities engaged with Iran.